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OBJECTIVES@#To study the etiology and clinical features of children with ascites, so as to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of ascites in children.@*METHODS@#The medical data of the children with ascites, who were hospitalized from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 165 children with ascites, the male/female ratio was 1.53:1, and the mean age of onset was (6±4) years. The causes of ascites included surgical acute abdomen (39 children, 23.6%), infectious diseases (39 children, 23.6%), neoplastic diseases (27 children, 16.4%), hepatogenic diseases (18 children, 10.9%), pancreatitis (10 children, 6.1%), cardiogenic diseases (8 children, 4.8%), rheumatic immune diseases (6 children, 3.6%), and nephrogenic diseases (5 children, 3.0%). According to the age of onset, there were 33 infants, 24 young children, 30 preschool children, 41 school-aged children, and 37 adolescents. Surgical acute abdomen and hepatogenic diseases were the main causes of ascites in infants (P<0.05). Neoplastic disease was the leading cause in young children (P<0.05). Infectious diseases were the most common cause in adolescents (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Surgical acute abdomen, infectious diseases, neoplastic diseases, and hepatogenic diseases are the common causes of ascites in children, and there are some differences in the leading cause of ascites between different age groups.
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Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Abdomen, Acute/complications , Ascites/etiology , Communicable Diseases , Neoplasms/complications , Pancreatitis/complications , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Codonopsis Radix， one of the bulk commodities， has been commonly used for tonification in clinical practice. Apart from the medicinal purpose， it can also be utilized as food. Among the multiple local varieties， the ones called "Luduiduoji" in Tibetan medicine cannot be neglected， which have frequently been adopted for diminishing inflammation and swelling， invigorating spleen and stomach， and tonifying Qi， etc. Considering its complex origins and frequent substitution by or confusion with other medicinal materials， this paper reviewed the Si Bu Yi Dian， Jingzhu Bencao， ministerial and local standards， modern literature on Tibetan medicine， and the results of field investigation in major Tibetan medicine hospitals and medicinal material markets of Sichuan， Qinghai and Tibet to figure out the name， original plants， medicinal parts， effects， and local varieties of Codonopsis Radix in Tibetan medicine. The results showed that the names of local varieties were diverse， many of which were transliterated into Tibetan， with "Luduiduoji" being most well-known. It was derived from 14 species in genus Codonopsis and one in Adenophora of family Campanulaceae， with Codonopsis foetens subsp. nervosa， C. thalictrifolia var. mollis， C. canescens， C. alpina， and C. pilosula being the main species. According to literature records， the roots， aerial parts， and whole plants could all be employed as medicine， but there were certain differences in their clinical applications. At present， in order to protect the medicinal resources， Tibetan medical workers mostly collect the aerial parts， which are applicable to patients with yellow water， rheumatism， Gamba disease， and leprosy. This literature review of local varieties for Codonopsis Radix and textual research on their original plants are of great significance for elevating the standard， accelerating the pharmacodynamic research， expanding the sources and promoting the rational use of Codonopsis Radix.
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Vanda falcata (Thunb.) Beer (Orchidaceae), a famous native orchid of China, Japan, and Korea, is known as one of the most beautiful and charming orchid species in the world (Ohwi, 1965; Lawler, 1984; Arditti, 2008). V. falcata is widely cultivated and delights the world with its compact plant shape, elegant white blooms, and sweet coconut-like scent. However, vegetative propagation by division has limited the development of V. falcata because of its inefficiency (Mitsukuri et al., 2009a, 2009b).
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Objective: To study the correlation between the content changes of main medicinal ingredients and the color values of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during storage based on the principle of chromaticity analysis,and to provide reference for studying on the mechanism of discoloration and improving the quality evaluation of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. Method: Simulated accelerated test was adopted in this study, where Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was stored under high temperature(40±5)℃,high humidity RH(92.5±5)%and strong light(4 000±500)Lx conditions to accelerate its discoloration. For the samples taken at different time points,the color value was determined by spectrophotometer and the total contents of anthraquinone and free anthraquinones,sennoside A,B,catechin and gallic acid were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The correlation between the effective components and the color value of rhubarb was analyzed by SPSS software. Result: During the storage process,it was observed by the eye that the color of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was significantly darker and darker in the simulated acceleration test. According to the analysis of the chromaticity value results,the changes of chromaticity values L*and E*ab of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were significantly negatively correlated with free strontium content(PPa* was significantly negatively correlated with gallic acid(PPConclusion: There is a certain correlation between the change of color value and the content of six medicinal ingredients during Rhei Radix et Rhizoma storage.
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Anthraquinones,dianthrones and tannins are the main active ingredients of Rheum tanguticum. In this study the three components were determined by HPLC,and the results were analyzed by multiple comparisons,principal components analysis(PCA)and correspondence analysis(CA). The results showed that the contents of components in different growing areas and types(wild and cultivated) reached a significant level(P<0. 05). Baiyu county,Xiaojin county and Ruoergai county had obvious advantages in the accumulation of catechin hydrate,rhien and sensenoside A respectively. The principal component was different in two growing type and the wild environment was conducive to combined anthraquinones accumulation. For active components,normalized planting was better than retail cultivating. Therefore,the effect on the accumulation of chemical components in Rh. tangusticum,should be taken into full account in the selection of the cultural base of Rh. tanguticum. The standardized cultivating is superior to retail cultivating in terms of the accumulation of active ingredients,and standardized planting is inferior to the wild.
Subject(s)
Anthraquinones , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Phytochemicals , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Rheum , Chemistry , TanninsABSTRACT
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate associations of overall obesity (OO) and abdominal obesity (AO) with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) among type 2 diabetes(T2DM) patients. Methods A community-based study for T2DM patients was conducted in rural communities in Beijing．Every patient completed a questionnaire to collect demography, lifestyle and diseases history, and underwent physical examinations, baPWV assessments and blood biochemical tests. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relationship between obesity index and baPWV. Abnormal baPWV was defined as patients with baPWV≥1,700 cm/s. Logistic regression model was performed to explore the risk of abnormal baPWV after adjusting for poetential confounders step by step. Results A total of 2 048 T2DM patients were recruited. The average age was (59.2±8.3) years and total prevalence of abnormal baPWV was 49.7%. After multivariable adjustment, linear regression showed that there was a negative correlation between body mass index(BMI) and baPWV and a positive correlation between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and baPWV. Compared to normal weight group, those with BMI≥28 kg/m2 had lower risk of abnormal baPWV (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.44-0.78，P<0.001), but there was an increased risk of 46% among patients with obesity in WHR (OR=1.46, 95% CI:1.07-2.00，P=0.018). Compared to those without OO and AO, patients without OO but with AO had a 1.67-fold increasesd risk of abnormal baPWV (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.19-2.35，P=0.003). Conclusions Abdominal obesity is related with arterial stiffnening among T2DM patients, and it is critical to evaluate arterial stiffness of T2DM patients with abdmonal obesity and normal BMI in order to reduce future risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Objective To explore the relationship between sleep duration and different ischemic stroke (IS) subtypes. Methods Participants in the study were recruited from rural communities in Beijing. The survey questionnaires, physical examination and biochemical tests were performed. Sleep duration was categorized into 5 groups, namely ≤5 hours/day, 6 hours/day (5.5-6.5 h/d), 7 hours/day (6.5-7.5 h/d), 8 hours/day (7.5-8.5 h/d) and ≥9 hours/day(≥8.5 h/d). Classification of ischemic stroke was based on Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification. Logistic models were used to evaluate the associations between sleep duration and different IS subtypes. Results A total of 6 370 participants were recruited. The average age was (58.34±9.37) years old. Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, sex, behavioral lifestyle, socioeconomic status and health status, compared to subjects with 7 hours/day, subjects with sleep duration ≤5 hours/day was significantly associated with increased risk of IS (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.42-2.15, P<0.001), large-artery atherosclerosis (OR=1.98, 95% CI:1.46-2.70, P<0.001), small-artery occlusion lacunar (OR=5.73, 95% CI:3.34-9.83, P<0.001) and stroke of undetermined etiology (OR=4.43, 95% CI:1.86-10.53, P=0.001). Subjects with sleep duration 8 hours/day and ≥9 hours/day was only found to be significantly associated with IS and large-artery atherosclerosis (P<0.05). Conclusions Short sleep duration is associated with increased risk of IS, large-artery atherosclerosis, small-artery occlusion lacunar and stroke of undetermined etiology. But long sleep duration is only associated with increased risk of IS and large-artery atherosclerosis.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (HS) on renal fibrosis in diabetic rats and explore its mechanism.@*METHODS@#Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control (NC) group, a diabetic control (DC) group, diabetes mellitus (DM)+sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) group and DM+DL-propargylglycine (PAG) group, with 8 rats in each group.Type 1 diabetes was induced in the respective groups by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin.From the fifth week, rats in the DM+NaHS and DM+PAG groups were injected (i.p.) with 56 μmol/kg NaHS and 40 mg/kg PAG once a day, respectively.After treatment for 4 weeks, the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were detected.The deposition of renal collagen fibers was observed by Masson staining, and collagen volume fraction (CVF) was calculated.The ultrastructural change of renal tissue was observed by transmission electron microscopy.The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) in renal tissues were detected using the kits.The expression levels of TGF-β1, Smad3, phosphorylated (p)-Smad3 and collagen-IV (col-IV) in renal tissues were detected using Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the NC group, the levels of FBG, BUN, SCr, CVF, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and Hyp were increased; the deposition of renal collagen fibers and the ultrastructural damage were aggravated; the levels of TGF-β1, Smad3, p-Smad3, p-Smad3/Smad3 and col-IV were increased in the DC group.Compared with the DC group, excluding FBG, the aforementioned indices were improved in the DM+NaHS group; the aforementioned indices were further aggravated in the DM+PAG group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#HS attenuated renal fibrosis in diabetic rats, and the mechanism might be associated with the reduction of the release of proinflammatory cytokines, downregulation of the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway, and inhibition of excessive accumulation of col-IV.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Fibrosis , Hydrogen Sulfide , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Streptozocin , Transforming Growth Factor beta1ABSTRACT
AIM: To analyze the electronic product use time, writing time, playing piano time and outdoor activity time and the distribution of myopia in 586 cases of school age children in our hospital. ·METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 586 cases of children aged 6 to 12 years old in the outpatient department was established. Personalized files were used to record the uncorrected visual acuity, optometry, slit lamp, fundus mirror and strabismus. The cumulative use time of electronic products ( including computer, mobile phone, iPad) , writing time, whether to play the piano and outdoor activities time with the eye situation were recorded. Statistical analysis of the age group of myopia, the cumulative use of electronic age in different age groups, writing time, whether playing piano and outdoor activities and the distribution of myopia occurred. · RESULTS: ( 1 ) With the increasing of age, the distribution of uncorrected eyesight was in children mostly mild myopia, and the proportion of mild myopia was significantly higher than that of moderate and high myopia. ( 2 ) Electronic products use time distribution:the proportion of playing electronic products ( including mobilephone, computers, iPad) accounted for 76. 8%, of which 9 years old, 10 years old the cumulative use of electronic products with a long time was higher than other age groups. ( 3 ) Distribution of writing time: the proportion of write homework ≤1h was significantly lower than the proportion of writing homework > 1h (37. 2% vs 62. 8%), of which 9 and 10 years old children cumulative write time was higher than other age group. ( 4 ) Distribution of playing the piano: the proportion of playing piano time less than 1h was significantly higher than the proportion of playing piano time more than 1h ( 89. 1% vs 10. 9%). ( 5 ) Distribution of outdoor activities: the proportion of outdoor activities ≤1h in children at school age was significantly higher than that of outdoor activities > 1h (91. 8% vs 8. 9%). ·CONCLUSION: With the age exposure to electronic products becoming younger, heavy learning tasks and less outdoor activities, myopia occurred in advance of age. So health examination and eye guidance, reducing the amount of work appropriately, increasing outdoor activities will slow the development of early childhood myopia.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) on oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, diabetes group and treatment group( n = 10). Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was utilized to establish a rat model of DCM. The rats with DCM in treatment group were intraperitoneally injected with NaHS solution. After treated for 12 weeks, the hearts isolated from rats were perfused on a langendorff apparatus. The ventricular hemodynamic parameters were measured. The ultrastructures of myocardium were observed using electron microscopy. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in myocardial tissue were determined by spectrophotometry. The expressions of C/EBP homologous protein( CHOP), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and Caspase 12 at mRNA level in myocardium were detected using RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with control group, the cardiac function and myocardial ultrastructure were damaged obviously in diabetic rats. In myocardial tissue, the content of MDA was increased, while the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were decreased. CHOP, GRP78 and Caspase 12 mRNA expressions were increased significantly. Compared with diabetes group, cardiac function and myocardial ultrastructure damage were improved in treatment group. The content of MDA was decreased, while the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased significantly. The mRNA levels of CHOP, GRP78 and Caspase 12 were increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>H2S can protect myocardium in diabetic rats, maybe it is related to reduce oxidative stress damage and inhibition of the ERS-induced apoptosis pathway.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Apoptosis , Caspase 12 , Metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Drug Therapy , Diabetic Cardiomyopathies , Drug Therapy , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Glutathione Peroxidase , Metabolism , Heat-Shock Proteins , Metabolism , Hydrogen Sulfide , Pharmacology , Malondialdehyde , Metabolism , Myocardium , Oxidative Stress , Streptozocin , Superoxide Dismutase , Metabolism , Transcription Factor CHOP , MetabolismABSTRACT
Currently, polyethylenimine(PEI) is one of the most promising non-viral gene delivery vectors. However, high relative molecular mass PEI has obvious toxicity and is short of targeting or specificity to cells or tissues. As we know targeting or specificity is the key property of ideal gene delivery systems. Therefore, PEI should be modified to become a gene vector with targeting and low toxicity. Up to now investgations on modification of PEI for targeting effect mainly include:1.modification with endogenous ligands such as transferrin Tf RGD peptide etc 2.modification with carbohydrate such as galactose etc 3.modification with specific antibody. Of these, the specific antibody-directed PEI is anticipated to be one of promising and distinctive targeting gene delivery carriers. The present paper summarises literature on PEI as targeted gene delivery vectors.
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The study is aimed to understand the resource and the current situation of the use of Cibotii Rhizoma and provide the basis for protecting and utilization. The method of literature survey, field survey and quality assessment were applied in the study. The results showed that all the Cibotii Rhizoma came from wild resource and was mainly founded in Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Zhejiang, etc. It contains over 5 000 000 kg in the area which total is about 7 000 hm2. The annual output is over 850 000 kg. At present, there is no cultivated resources. Based on the investigation and market sampling analysis from various regions, the results showed that the quality of the collected crude drugs conformed with the regulations of the Chinese pharmacopoeia. However the qualification rate of decoction pieces of Cibotii Rhizoma in market was only 56.4%. At present, the resource of Cibotii Rhizoma could meet the needs of medinal uses. It is important to protect the wild resource which is less and less because of the environmental factors. It also need to make a standard of processing method to ensure the safety, and solve quality problem of the decoction pieces.
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China , Conservation of Natural Resources , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Ferns , Chemistry , Quality Control , Rhizome , ChemistryABSTRACT
To establish a sensitive and specific method for simultaneous determination of gestodene, etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol in plasma by LC-MS/MS, plasma samples were extracted and derivatized before injection. An ESI ion source was used and operated in the positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Norgestrel was chosen as internal standard and performed on a C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) column. The concentrations of gestodene, etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol were measured, using step-gradient mobile phase and step-gradient flow rate. The method was validated over the concentration range of 0.1-20 ng x mL(-1) for gestodene and etonogestrel and 0.01-2 ng x mL(-1) for ethinylestradiol, and showed excellent linearity. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision were below 10.0% and recovery was 93.6%-110.9% over the three concentration levels evaluated. The method was applied in pharmacokinetic study of the compound gestodene patch and the compound etonogestrel patch in rabbits. The LC-MS/MS method was selective, accurate and sensitive, especially the LOQ were 100 pg x mL(-1) for gestodene and etonogestrel and 10 pg x mL(-1) for ethinylestradiol. The method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic study for contraceptives.
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Animals , Rabbits , Chromatography, Liquid , Desogestrel , Blood , Pharmacokinetics , Ethinyl Estradiol , Blood , Pharmacokinetics , Norpregnenes , Blood , Pharmacokinetics , Sensitivity and Specificity , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationABSTRACT
Drug addiction is considered as a chronic, recurrent brain disease characterized by relapse. Repeated exposure to certain drugs, such as morphine, can produce deleterious sequelae, such as drug dependence, tolerance and compulsive drug seeking. In the present study, we investigated the dependence and psychological craving for morphine in rats using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. On the other hand, to study the effect of morphine on hippocampal sensory gating (N40), double click auditory-evoked potential was recorded during the chronic morphine administration, withdrawal and re-exposure to morphine in rats. The rats in morphine group received a course of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) injection for 12 d, followed by 12 d of withdrawal, 1 d of re-exposure to morphine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and 2 d of the second withdrawal. The rats in the control group were treated in the same way except that saline was applied instead of morphine. CPP test demonstrated that the method of drug administration in the present study induced dependence and psychological craving for morphine in rats. The results in the double click auditory-evoked potential experiment showed that during the chronic morphine administration, hippocampal N40 gating was damaged. In the initial 2 d of the first withdrawal hippocampal N40 gating in morphine group was reduced compared with that in the control group and it was significantly greater on the 3rd day, and then recovered gradually to the normal level from day 4 to day 12. After re-exposure to morphine, hippocampal N40 gating in morphine group was significantly reduced compared with that in the control group, and it remained at a lower level during the following 2 d, suggesting that hippocampal N40 gating in rats was more sensitive to morphine during re-exposure. Our results suggest that long-term repeated morphine administration and re-exposure to morphine disrupt hippocampal N40 gating, and that the effect of morphine addiction on the brain is possibly long-term.
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Animals , Male , Rats , Conditioning, Psychological , Evoked Potentials, Auditory , Hippocampus , Morphine , Pharmacology , Morphine Dependence , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Substance Withdrawal SyndromeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare and improve the methods of establishing animal model of experimental chronic sinusitis in rabbits .</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-six New Zealand white rabbits were divided into seven groups: control group, sham-operation group I, sham-operation group II, bacteria inoculation group, ostia-blocked group, ostia-blocked and bacteria inoculation group, incomplete ostium blocked and set-cotton group. The animals were examined by the methods of histology and bacteriology after 42 days.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive rate of chronic inflammation in ostium blocked group was 80%, inoculated staphylococcus group was 100%, incomplete ostium blocked and set-cotton group was 100%, and the other groups were 0%. All infected sinuses displayed signs of moderate or severe chronic inflammation. The cultivated bacteria were mainly opportunistic pathogens. The probability of having abscess in maxillary sinus was high in ostia-blocked and bacteria inoculation group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The method of incomplete ostium blockage and set cotton can establish stable chronic sinusitis model, it is a simple and perfect method.</p>